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- -- name: Uveal Tract
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- Uveal Tract:
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- I. Iris:
- A. Description:
- 1. Diaphram controlling the light to the retina.
- 2. Extends from ciliary body to pupillary margin.
- 3. Lens pushes forward into cone shape.
- 4. Separates aqueous into anterior and posterior chambers.
- 5. Iris root is the area of attachment at ciliary body and is thin and easily damaged.
- B. Pupillary changes:
- 1. Miosis: Smaller/constriction.
- 2. Mydriasis: Larger/dilation.
- C. Synechiae: Usually temporary:
- 1. Posterior: Adhesion of posterior iris to lens.
- 2. Anterior: Adhesion of anterior iris to cornea.
- D. Histology of the iris:
- 1. Anterior border layer: Anterior limiting membrane (cells are not connected).
- a. Modification of stroma.
- b. Relatively low in collagen.
- c. Layers:
- 1. Anterior single layer of fibroblasts.
- 2. Layer of melanocytes.
- d. Color of eye depends on number of melanocytes.
- 2. Stroma:
- a. Loose arrangement of collagen fibers.
- b. MPS ground substance.
- c. Collagen arranged in radial columns, iris trabeculae, and associated with blood vessels.
- d. Blood vessels: Radial, vary with pupil opening.
- e. Anastomoses: Joining of blood vessels.
- 1. Major circle of the iris: (circulus vasculosis iridis major), located in the ciliary body
- and supplies the iris.
- 2. Minor circle of the iris: (circulus vasculosis iridus minor), incomplete circle, 2/3 of
- iris outside, 1/3 inside.
- 3. Radial blood vessels: Thick collagenous adventitia, most other BV's don't have much
- collagen.
- f. Innervation:
- 1. Sensory, feeds into cranial(V), trigeminal.
- 2. Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- 3. No somatic nerves.
- g. Iris sphincter muscle: (sphincter pupillae)
- 1. Surrounds pupil at pupillary margin.
- 2. Smooth muscle.
- 3. Contraction causes miosis.
- 4. Firmly attached to stroma, and will function even if cut in iridectomy.
- 5. Parasympathetic innervation via short ciliary nerves.
- h. Cells of the stroma:
- 1. Melanocytes: Not as many ay anterior border layer.
- 2. Clump cells: Round, contain melanin granules, occur most often near sphincter, may
- be either:
- a. Macrophages with ingested melanin.
- b. Misplaced neural ectodermal cells.
- 3. Fibroblasts.
- 4. Wandering leucocytes (WBC).
- 3. Anterior epithelium: (dilator muscle) This lies in the middle of the iris, even though it's called
- anterior. (See diagram 1)
- a. One layer thick, but basal processes overlap (3-5 layers).
- b. Contraction opens pupil: mydriasis.
- c. The origin of the dilator is in the iris root.
- d. Dilator muscle ends at mid-point of sphincter, but apical portion continues to pupillary
- margin as an epithelial cell layer.
- e. Innervation is sympathetic via long ciliary nerves.
- 4. Posterior epithelium:
- a. Single layer of pigmented columnar.
- b. Breaking of posterior synechiae may leave black clump of cells on lens surface.
- E. Visible structures of the iris:
- 1. Collaret: 1.6 mm. from pupillary margin.
- a. Crypts of Fuchs: Depressions with no anterior border layer covering, correspondes to area
- of minor circle of iris.
- b. Pupillary membrane of the fetus attaches at collaret.
- 2. Pupillary zone: From collaret to pupil.
- 3. Ciliary zone: From collaret to iris root.
- 4. Pupillary ruff or fringe: Iris epithelium rolled over pupillary margin.
- 5. Peripheral crypts: Crypts near iris root.
- 6. Sphincter muscle: Visible in infants with light blue eyes.
- 7. Contraction furrows: Circular folds in the ciliary zone when pupil dilates.
- 8. Iris process: Anterior process of the iris bridge the angle to trabecular meshwork, very
- narrow.
- F. Posterior structures of the iris:
- 1. Very dark pigmentation, 2 layers thick.
- 2. Radial contraction folds of Schwalbe in pupillary region.
- 3. Structural folds (furrows) of Schwalbe, radial, in ciliary region which are continuous with
- valleys of Kuhnt.
- 4. Circular folds: Near iris root, result from thickness variation in posterior epithelium.
-
- II. Ciliary body:
- A. Location:
- 1. Anterior border: Scleral spur, major circle, iris root, and anterior chamber.
- 2. Posterior border: Ora serrata.
- B. Components:
- 1. Pars plana (obicularis ciliaris): Posterior portion from ora serrata to ciliary processes.
- 2. Pars plicata (corona ciliaris): From pars plana to iris root.
- a. 60-70 processes.
- b. Between processes are the valleys of Kuhnt.
- C. Functions:
- 1. Produces aqueous: Epithelium of pars plicata, secreted into canal of Hannover.
- 2. Produces hyaluronic acid (MPS) for vitreous in pars plana.
- 3. Controls accommodation: Muscles contract relaxing zonule fibers, anterior surface of lens
- bulges and thus increasing refraction for near vision.
- D. Six (6) layers of the ciliary body:
- 1. Supraciliaris (supra ciliary lamina):
- a. Loose connective tissue connecting ciliary body to sclera, allows motion between ciliary
- body and sclera, very thin, this is where a detachment will happen.
- 2. Muscle layer: 3 sets that work as one.
- a. Longitudinal or meridional fibers: Outer most, Brucke's muscle.
- 1. Anterior origin is in scleral spur and trabecular meshwork.
- 2. Insertion ends in branched stellate (star-like) forms in supraciliaris posterior to ora
- serrata or in muscle layer anterior to ora serrata. (they run into the choroid).
- b. Oblique muscle fibers: Middle layer, radial, scleral spur to posterior ciliary processes.
- c. Muller's muscle: Inner layer, circular band of fibers, main sphincter at base of ciliary
- processes.
- 1. Connective tissue fibers attach it to scleral spur.
- 2. Lies near major circle.
- 3. Small in children, but develops from accommodation, absent in newborns.
- 3. Stroma:
- a. Highly vascularized, contains the major circle of the iris.
- b. Connective tissue, there is no choriocapillaris.
- c. Each process has a core of stroma with many capillaries.
- d. Capillaries in stroma are fenestrated to allow flow of large quantities of water and
- metabolites to epithelium for aqueous production.
- 4. Basal lamina (external basal membrane):
- a. Secreted by outer layer of epithelial cells.
- b. Continuous with Bruch's membrane of the choroid.
- 5. Epithelium: 2 single layers.
- a. Outer: heavily pigmented, continuous with pigmented epithelium of retina, and with anterior
- epithelium of the iris.
- b. Inner: Non-pigmented, continuous with neural layer of retina (unpigmented) and posterior
- epithelium of iris (pigmented).
- c. Both layers show reciprocal infoldings, between cells of inner layer are ZO junctions, cells
- connect laterally. (See diagram 2)
- 6. Internal limiting membrane:
- a. Basement membrane secreted by non-pigmented inner epithelium.
- b. Adjacent to aqueous.
- c. Continuous with internal limiting membrane of retina.
- d. Attachment for vitreous in pars plana.
- e. Attachment for zonule fibers in valley of Kuhnt.
- (See diagram 3)
- E. Aqueous production: 3 ways aqueous is made.
- 1. Both epithelial layers:
- a. Secretion, filtration, diffusion.
- b. Pathway is as follows: (See diagram 4)
- c. Posterior or anterior synechiae can restrict flow.
-
- III. Choroid:
- A. Location: Between sclera and retina, running from optic disc to ora serrata.
- B. Functions:
- 1. Suppress internal scattering of light, the pigment absorbs light.
- 2. Nourishes outer half of retina.
- 3. Nourishes optic disc.
- 4. Nourishes entire fovea (only supply to fovea).
- C. Layers of the choroid: Outer to inner.
- 1. Lamina fusca (suprachoroid lamina):
- a. Loose mesh of diagonal collagen fibers attaching to sclera.
- b. Not distinct from sclera or choroid.
- c. Numerous melanocytes.
- d. Allows "give" as choroidal blood vessels dilate and constrict.
- e. Long posterior ciliary arteries and long ciliary nerves pass through the lamina fusca (
- sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory).
- f. Muscle stars from longitudinal ciliary muscle are found in periphery.
- 2. Stroma:
- a. Loose connective tissue.
- b. Contains many blood vessels, the layers themselves describe the vessel size (these are
- short ciliary vessels).
- 1. Haller's layer: Outer, next to sclera, large vessels.
- 2. Sattler's layer: Inner, medium vessels.
- c. The blood vessels are valveless.
- d. Innervation of blood vessels: Sympathetic via short posterior ciliary nerves.
- e. Contains fewer melanocytes than the lamina fusca.
- f. Fibroblasts.
- g. Wandering WBC's.
- f. Mast cells which release histamine.
- 3. Choriocapillaris:
- a. Meshwork of anastomosing capillaries.
- b. 3-4 times wider than normal capillaries.
- c. Cellwall: Single layer, fenestrated, perforations are covered by membrane.
- d. Pericytes (Rouget cells): These cells are wrapped around the capillaries and help move the
- blood inside them.
- e. The capillary nest is densest at the macula, mainly because this is the only blood supply to
- the fovea.
- 4. Bruch's membrane: Basal lamina of the choroid, has 5 layers which are listed from inner to
- outer:
- 1. Basement membrane of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE).
- 2. Inner collagenous zone.
- 3. Elastic zone: True elastic fibers which hold retina in place.
- 4. Outer collagenous zone.
- 5. Basement membrane of endothelial cells of choriocapillaris.
- a. Serves as elastic sheet holding choroid to sclera, if cut the edges pull back forming a
- choroidal hematoma.
- b. Angoid streaks: breaks in the membrane, streaks usually radiate from the optic disc.
- c. Drusen: Small yellow dots on the fundus, nodule of basement in inner collagenous zone, this
- displaces the RPE inward, near the macula in elderly people.
- D. Blood supply to the choroid:
- 1. Major supply is as follows: (See diagram 5)
- 2. Peripheral choroidal supply is as follows: (See diagram 6)
- 3. Both major supply and peripheral supply leave via the vortex veins.
- (See diagram 7)
-
- IV. Summary of the Uveal tract: Iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
- A. Firmly attached to sclera at scleral spur and optic disc.
- B. Loosely attached to sclera elsewhere via supraciliaris and lamina fusca.
- C. Flow of blood:
- 1. Sympathetic: constricts.
- 2. Parasympathetic: dilates.
- 3. Partially controlled by pericytes.
- D. High concentration of blood vessels: Inflammations are common (iritis, cyclitis, choroiditis).
- E. Most common malignancy is a melanoma.
- F. Choroid necessary for good vision: Nutrition of the retina and fovea.
- G. Controls the IOP by aqueous production in the ciliary body.
- H. Accommodation and pupillary control which is required for good vision.
- I. Albino retina has choroidal vessels showing.
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